Volume 1
SECTION I GROWTH AND GROWTH DISORDERS Adda Grimberg and Fima Lifshitz Introduction 1 Significance of Worrisome Growth 2 Diagnosis of Short Stature 4 The Differential Diagnoses of Worrisome Growth 10 Pathological Syndromic Short Stature 14 Intrauterine Growth Retardation 15 Nutritional Growth Retardation NGR 25 Laboratory Aids in Differentiating Short Stature 37 2. Idiopathic Short Stature 51 Amrit Bhangoo, Henry Anhalt, and Ron G. Rosenfeld Introduction 51 Historical Considerations The Birth of...
Medical Complications
The altered nutritional state in obesity results in several alterations that have been linked as comorbidities of the disease. Hyperinsulinemia is strongly linked with cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension 29 . Obesity is associated with hypertension in 10 to 30 of children 30 regardless of age, gender, and duration. Obese children and adolescents tend to have elevated levels of total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein,...
Volume
Ramin Alemzadeh, Russell Rising, and Fima Lifshitz Prevalence 1 Morbidity 2 2. Treatment of Pediatric Obesity 37 Diego Botero and Fima Lifshitz Introduction 37 Prevention 38 Lifestyle-Based Treatments 40 Therapeutic Goals 47 Intensive Therapies 48 Conclusion and Final Considerations 51 References 52 3. Diabetes in the Child and Adolescent Diagnosis and Classification 57 Arlan L. Rosenbloom Introduction 57 Diagnosis 57 Etiologic Classification of Diabetes 57 Classification of Diabetes in...
Contributors
Jose E. Abdenur Division of Metabolism, PSF-Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California, U.S.A. Ramin Alemzadeh Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A. David B. Allen Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Henry Anhalt Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey, and Department...
Prolactin
Basal prolactin levels are normal or slightly elevated in obese children. However, the prolactin response to provocative stimuli is often diminished 335 . Lala et al. suggested that decreased serotonin in the brain was a potential mechanism for the blunted prolactin response 336 . Others have hypothesized that this may be due to a hypothalamic defect that contributes to the abnormal prolactin response and aberrant appetite regulation, especially when prolactin response does not return to normal...
Body Fat Measurement
Body composition tables for age and sex of children are in Vol. 1 Chap. 20. Additional information regarding body fat may be elicited from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES measurements by participant age and gender eight years and older 162 . Several methods are available for the estimation of body fat content. These include methods that measure body density body weight in and out of the water. This process makes it possible to fractionate the body into its fat and lean...
DietingBody Image Problem
There is a culture of body image in our society, thus it is important to pay close attention to the behavioral and mental health concerns for children and adolescents. The American Academy of Pediatrics Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Primary Care DSM-PC distinguishes dieting body image behaviors that were, in the past, difficult to categorize as eating disorders. Children and adolescents may exhibit behaviors that do not meet full DSM-IV criteria, yet still deserve attention. The two...