oxidative stress in premature infants
Premature infants are probably more prone to oxidative stress than term infants because premature infants very often are exposed to high oxygen concentrations as a result of pulmonary surfactant deficiency. They have lower and less efficient antioxidant defenses and more often are exposed to infections and inflammation resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines activating the production of ROS. Moreover, free iron is found in the plasma and tissues of premature infants at higher...
Info Kir
a-LA is a naturally occurring compound that is widely distributed in plants and animals. In humans, a-LA can be supplied by diet or obtained through de novo synthesis by the liver and other tissues. Only the -isomer of a-LA is synthesized naturally. Conventional chemical synthesis of a-LA results in a 50 50 racemic mixture of two optical isomers, -a-LA and S-a-LA. Free a-LA is rapidly taken up by cells and reduced to dihydrolipoic acid DHLA intracellularly. In most cells containing...
Farhad Amiri Karim Benkirane and Ernesto L Schiffrin
MAPK Signaling in Vascular ERK1 and ERK2 Signaling, Effects of PPAR-y, and Vascular Remodeling 199 p38 Signaling in Vascular Role of JNK Signaling in Vascular PI3K Signaling Pathway and Vascular Role of Akt PKB Signaling Pathway in Vascular ROS and Vascular Vascular Inflammation and Dual PPAR In both hypertension and diabetes mellitus significant changes that occur in the vasculature affect both large and small arteries and lead to cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke,...
obesity and inflammation
The above data explain why an insulin-resistant state may be pro-inflammatory. They do not, however, explain the origin of insulin resistance. Mutations of the genes involved in insulin signal transduction provide one approach to the study of this issue in humans and in mice with specific gene knockouts. Such lesions are of interest but are too infrequent to provide a basis for the understanding of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance at large in humans. Thus, some recent observations on the...
Index
gender comparisons, 10 Adenosine triphosphate, uncoupling protein 2, pancreatic beta cell function beta cell mass, survival, 218-219 insulin secretion, 216-218 Adenosine triphosphate III definition, 5 metabolic syndrome, 6 revised criteria guidelines, 7-9 Adhesion molecules, clinical marker of inflammation, 152 Adipokines, 116-118 Adiponectin clinical marker of inflammation, 147-148 oligomeric composition, 167-176 adipocytes, 168-169 central nervous system effects, 172-173 multimers, biological...
maternal obesity and inflammation
Studies of inflammation and insulin resistance in pregnancy were performed in non-obese women.1317 Since obesity precipitates inflammatory responses, excessive free fatty acid release, and subsequent insulin-resistant states in non-pregnant individuals, it is reasonable to assume that inflammatory responses and insulin resistance would be enhanced in obese compared to lean pregnant women. Comparisons of metabolic adjustments in lean and obese pregnant women are limited, but the few studies done...
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or stressful conditions such as fuel deficiency, oxidative stimuli, and inflammation. ATP is created by ATP synthase in mitochondria through coupling of the proton motive force PMF or electrochemical H gradient to the oxidative phos-phorylation of fuel substrates such as fatty acids or glucose. To guarantee continuous generation of ATP as the main source of energy for cellular function and viability, mitochondria operate an oxidative phosphorylation system to supply a proton gradient. In this...
Jingyu Diao Catherine B Chan and Michael B Wheeler
Regulatory Factors of UCP2 Expression in Pancreatic Cells 212 UCP2 Action in Insulin Secretion from Pancreatic Cells Role of UCP2 Action in Cell Mass and Survival Role of ATP and ROS Uncoupling protein UCP 2 has been considered a negative modulator of insulin secretion. In response to stress stimuli such as hyperlipidemia and inflammation, the pancreatic p cell up-regulates UCP2 expression, which results in decreased insulin secretion. Fatty acids and superoxide regulate UCP2 activity. In...
oxidative stress in health and disease
Oxidative stress is an underlying factor in health and disease. In this series of books, the importance of oxidative stress and diseases associated with organ systems of the body is highlighted by exploring the scientific evidence and clinical applications of this knowledge. This series is intended for researchers in the basic biomedical sciences and clinicians. The potential of such knowledge for healthy aging and disease prevention warrants further knowledge about how oxidants and...
introduction Phh
The prevalence of obesity among women of reproductive age has reached an alltime high. National survey data show that the number of women with body mass indexes BMIs greater than 30 averaged 31 in white women, 40 in Hispanic women, and 51 in black women in 1999 and 2000.1 Obese women encounter more health problems during pregnancy.1 Common disorders include pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, large-for-gestational age LGA babies, need for cesarean or assisted deliveries, and...
SECTION I Oxidative Stress Metabolic Syndrome Obesity Diabetes and Uncoupling
The Metabolic Syndrome The Metabolic Syndrome The Question of Balance between the Pro-Inflammatory Effect of Macronutrients and the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Paresh Dandona, Ajay Chaudhuri, Priya Mohanty, and Husam Ghanim The Role of Oxidative Stress in Diseases Associated with Overweight and Ginger L. Milne, Ling Gao, Joshua D. Brooks, and Jason D. Morrow Metabolic Syndrome Due to Early Life Nutritional Modifications 47 Malathi Srinivasan, Paul Mitrani, and Mulchand S. Patel Oxidative Stress...
Antonio Ceriello
Possible Role of Hyperglycemic Spikes in Cardiovascular Diseases 124 Fasting Hyperglycemia and Cardiovascular Post-Prandial Hyperglycemia and Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiological Post-Prandial Hyperglycemia and Cardiovascular Disease Intervention Mechanisms Post-Prandial Hyperglycemia and Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress 128 Increasing evidence suggests that the post-prandial state is a contributing factor to the development of atherosclerosis. In diabetes, the post-prandial phase is...